which best summarizes what caused renaissance ideas to spread to northern europe?

The Renaissance was a fervent period of European cultural, creative, political and economic "rebirth" post-obit the Middle Ages. Generally described as taking place from the 14th century to the 17th century, the Renaissance promoted the rediscovery of classical philosophy, literature and fine art. Some of the greatest thinkers, authors, statesmen, scientists and artists in human history thrived during this era, while global exploration opened up new lands and cultures to European commerce. The Renaissance is credited with bridging the gap between the Center Ages and modern-day culture.

From Darkness to Light: The Renaissance Begins

During the Middle Ages, a period that took identify between the fall of ancient Rome in 476 A.D. and the beginning of the 14th century, Europeans made few advances in science and art.

Too known as the "Dark Ages," the era is often branded as a fourth dimension of war, ignorance, famine and pandemics such equally the Blackness Death.

Some historians, however, believe that such grim depictions of the Heart Ages were greatly exaggerated, though many agree that there was relatively little regard for aboriginal Greek and Roman philosophies and learning at the time.

READ MORE: 6 Reasons the Dark Ages Weren't And then Dark

Humanism

During the 14th century, a cultural movement chosen humanism began to gain momentum in Italian republic. Among its many principles, humanism promoted the thought that man was the middle of his own universe, and people should embrace human achievements in education, classical arts, literature and science.

In 1450, the invention of the Gutenberg printing press allowed for improved communication throughout Europe and for ideas to spread more quickly.

As a issue of this advance in advice, fiddling-known texts from early on humanist authors such as those by Francesco Petrarch and Giovanni Boccaccio, which promoted the renewal of traditional Greek and Roman culture and values, were printed and distributed to the masses.

Additionally, many scholars believe advances in international finance and trade impacted civilisation in Europe and ready the phase for the Renaissance.

Medici Family

The Renaissance started in Florence, Italy, a place with a rich cultural history where wealthy citizens could afford to support budding artists.

Members of the powerful Medici family, which ruled Florence for more than threescore years, were famous backers of the move.

Nifty Italian writers, artists, politicians and others declared that they were participating in an intellectual and artistic revolution that would be much unlike from what they experienced during the Nighttime Ages.

The motion first expanded to other Italian city-states, such as Venice, Milan, Bologna, Ferrara and Rome. Then, during the 15th century, Renaissance ideas spread from Italy to France and then throughout western and northern Europe.

Although other European countries experienced their Renaissance later on than Italy, the impacts were still revolutionary.

Renaissance Geniuses

Some of the most famous and groundbreaking Renaissance intellectuals, artists, scientists and writers include the likes of:

Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519): Italian painter, architect, inventor and "Renaissance human being" responsible for painting "The Mona Lisa" and "The Last Supper.
Desiderius Erasmus (1466–1536): Scholar from Holland who defined the humanist motility in Northern Europe. Translator of the New Testament into Greek.
Rene Descartes (1596–1650): French philosopher and mathematician regarded as the father of modernistic philosophy. Famous for stating, "I think; therefore I am."
Galileo (1564-1642): Italian astronomer, physicist and engineer whose pioneering work with telescopes enabled him to describes the moons of Jupiter and rings of Saturn. Placed nether firm arrest for his views of a heliocentric universe.
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543): Mathematician and astronomer who made first modern scientific argument for the concept of a heliocentric solar system.
Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679): English philosopher and writer of "Leviathan."
Geoffrey Chaucer (1343–1400): English poet and writer of "The Canterbury Tales."
Giotto (1266-1337): Italian painter and architect whose more than realistic depictions of human emotions influenced generations of artists. Best known for his frescoes in the Scrovegni Chapel in Padua.
Dante (1265–1321): Italian philosopher, poet, author and political thinker who authored "The Divine Comedy."
Niccolo Machiavelli (1469–1527): Italian diplomat and philosopher famous for writing "The Prince" and "The Discourses on Livy."
Titian (1488–1576): Italian painter celebrated for his portraits of Pope Paul III and Charles I and his later religious and mythical paintings like "Venus and Adonis" and "Metamorphoses."
William Tyndale (1494–1536): English biblical translator, humanist and scholar burned at the stake for translating the Bible into English language.
William Byrd (1539/40–1623): English composer known for his development of the English language madrigal and his religious organ music.
John Milton (1608–1674): English poet and historian who wrote the epic verse form "Paradise Lost."
William Shakespeare (1564–1616): England's "national poet" and the nigh famous playwright of all time, celebrated for his sonnets and plays like "Romeo and Juliet."
Donatello (1386–1466): Italian sculptor celebrated for lifelike sculptures like "David," deputed by the Medici family unit.
Sandro Botticelli (1445–1510): Italian painter of "Birth of Venus."
Raphael (1483–1520): Italian painter who learned from da Vinci and Michelangelo. Best known for his paintings of the Madonna and "The School of Athens."
Michelangelo (1475–1564): Italian sculptor, painter and builder who carved "David" and painted The Sistine Chapel in Rome.

Renaissance Art, Architecture and Scientific discipline

Fine art, architecture and science were closely linked during the Renaissance. In fact, information technology was a unique time when these fields of report fused together seamlessly.

For case, artists similar da Vinci incorporated scientific principles, such as anatomy into their piece of work, so they could recreate the human body with extraordinary precision.

Architects such as Filippo Brunelleschi studied mathematics to accurately engineer and design immense buildings with expansive domes.

Scientific discoveries led to major shifts in thinking: Galileo and Descartes presented a new view of astronomy and mathematics, while Copernicus proposed that the Sun, non the World, was the centre of the solar system.

Renaissance fine art was characterized past realism and naturalism. Artists strived to depict people and objects in a true-to-life way.

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They used techniques, such as perspective, shadows and low-cal to add depth to their work. Emotion was some other quality that artists tried to infuse into their pieces.

Some of the near famous artistic works that were produced during the Renaissance include:

The Mona Lisa (Da Vinci)
The Last Supper (Da Vinci)
Statue of David (Michelangelo)
The Nativity of Venus (Botticelli)
The Creation of Adam (Michelangelo)

Renaissance Exploration

While many artists and thinkers used their talents to express new ideas, some Europeans took to the seas to learn more about the world around them. In a period known equally the Age of Discovery, several important explorations were fabricated.

Voyagers launched expeditions to travel the entire world. They discovered new shipping routes to the Americas, India and the Far Due east and explorers trekked across areas that weren't fully mapped.

Famous journeys were taken past Ferdinand Magellan, Christopher Columbus, Amerigo Vespucci (afterward whom America is named), Marco Polo, Ponce de Leon, Vasco Núñez de Balboa, Hernando De Soto and other explorers.

READ MORE: The Historic period of Exploration

Renaissance Organized religion

Humanism encouraged Europeans to question the role of the Roman Catholic church during the Renaissance.

Every bit more than people learned how to read, write and interpret ideas, they began to closely examine and critique organized religion as they knew information technology. Too, the press press allowed for texts, including the Bible, to exist easily reproduced and widely read by the people, themselves, for the get-go time.

In the 16th century, Martin Luther, a German monk, led the Protestant Reformation – a revolutionary motion that caused a split in the Catholic church. Luther questioned many of the practices of the church and whether they aligned with the teachings of the Bible.

Every bit a upshot, a new grade of Christianity, known every bit Protestantism, was created.

Stop of the Renaissance

Scholars believe the demise of the Renaissance was the effect of several compounding factors.

By the end of the 15th century, numerous wars had plagued the Italian peninsula. Castilian, French and High german invaders battling for Italian territories caused disruption and instability in the region.

Too, changing merchandise routes led to a period of economic turn down and limited the amount of money that wealthy contributors could spend on the arts.

Later on, in a move known equally the Counter-Reformation, the Cosmic church building censored artists and writers in response to the Protestant Reformation. Many Renaissance thinkers feared being too assuming, which stifled creativity.

Furthermore, in 1545, the Quango of Trent established the Roman Inquisition, which fabricated humanism and any views that challenged the Catholic church an deed of heresy punishable by expiry.

By the early 17th century, the Renaissance movement had died out, giving style to the Age of Enlightenment.

Argue Over the Renaissance

While many scholars view the Renaissance as a unique and heady fourth dimension in European history, others argue that the menstruum wasn't much dissimilar from the Middle Ages and that both eras overlapped more than traditional accounts propose.

Also, some mod historians believe that the Middle Ages had a cultural identity that's been downplayed throughout history and overshadowed past the Renaissance era.

While the verbal timing and overall impact of the Renaissance is sometimes debated, there'southward little dispute that the events of the period ultimately led to advances that inverse the fashion people understood and interpreted the world around them.

Sources

The Renaissance, History World International.
The Renaissance – Why information technology Changed the Earth, The Telegraph.
Facts About the Renaissance, Biography Online.
Facts About the Renaissance Period, Interestingfacts.org.
What is Humanism? International Humanist and Ethical Marriage.
Why Did the Italian Renaissance Cease? Dailyhistory.org.
The Myth of the Renaissance in Europe, BBC.

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Source: https://www.history.com/topics/renaissance/renaissance

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